tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74604900701521656602024-02-06T18:45:42.257-08:00Mr. Taylor's 6th Grade Science PageUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-54489319002426596082011-05-12T06:45:00.000-07:002011-05-13T13:28:04.405-07:00Unit B-Chapter 2-Lesson 2<strong><u><span style="font-size: large;">How Do Solutions Form?</span></u></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><u>Forming Solutions</u></strong><br />
<br />
<ul><li>A solution is a mixture in which the particles of different substances are evenly distributed and are too small to see with the naked eye.</li>
<li>A solution appears as a single substance.</li>
<li>The formation of a solution is a physical change.</li>
<li>The substances that make up the solution retain many of their original properties.</li>
</ul>Example:<br />
<ul><li><em>When sugar is dissolved in water, its sweet taste remains.</em></li>
</ul>A <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">solvent</span></strong> is a substance that dissolves other materials<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgEDvnlV3zWLKVDDqPlq-eGN9ju_MotySQ00eFyRrvR_R5OMfATdWkGjVADyYoMpdb1QILAI6v2mjPVlUeyqiezlxzyswps812XRYizlYL7rq-Q7GeQo-vsSGpiibbKeayMS0q_13w7dtk/s1600/matter_solu_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgEDvnlV3zWLKVDDqPlq-eGN9ju_MotySQ00eFyRrvR_R5OMfATdWkGjVADyYoMpdb1QILAI6v2mjPVlUeyqiezlxzyswps812XRYizlYL7rq-Q7GeQo-vsSGpiibbKeayMS0q_13w7dtk/s1600/matter_solu_2.jpg" /></a></div>A <span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;"><strong>solute</strong></span> is a substance that is dissolved.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
<ul><li><em>In a solution of Kool-Aid, the water is the solvent and the sugar flavoring powder is the solute.</em></li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">All solutions have solvents and solutes.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><u>Types of Solutions</u></strong></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div>Some common examples of solutions are:<br />
<ul><li><em>perfumes</em></li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>cooking extracts</em></li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>gasoline</em></li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>air</em></li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>sterling silver</em></li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>tooth fillings</em></li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>carbonated beverages (such as soda)</em></li>
</ul><ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">In a solution, the solvent or solute can be solid, a liquid, or a gas.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><u>Metal alloys</u> are solutions of <u>solids in solids</u>.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The metals are melted and mixed, and when they harden, the resulting substance looks uniform.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">These alloys are useful because they combine the properties of different metals.</li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong>Examples:</strong></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: purple;">Carbonated beverage</span> = <span style="color: blue;">carbon dioxide</span> <em>(solute)</em> + <span style="color: red;">water </span><em>(solvent)</em></div><span style="color: purple;">Brass</span> = <span style="color: blue;">copper</span> <em>(solute)</em> + <span style="color: red;">zinc</span> <em>(solvent)</em><br />
<span style="color: purple;">Dental Fillings</span> = <span style="color: blue;">mercury </span><em>(solute)</em> + <span style="color: red;">silver </span><em>(solvent)</em><br />
<br />
A <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">dilute</span></strong> solution describes a solution with a small amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
<ul><li><em>Kool-Aid with more water than flavoring.</em></li>
</ul><br />
A <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">concentrated</span></strong> solution describes a solution with a large amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent.<br />
<br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Example:</div><ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><em>Kool-Aid with extra flavoring mixed with the water.</em></li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><u>Dissolving Faster</u></strong></div><ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Because the solution process depends on contact between particles of the solvent and particles of the solute, any action that increases the number of collisions between the solvent and the solute particles tends to increase the rate of dissolving.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Both <em>stirring</em> and <em>heating</em> the solution <em>increase the rate of collisions</em>.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Breaking the solute into smaller pieces increases the rate of disolving by increasing the surface area of the solute,</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Icreased surface area allows more solvent particles to come in contact with more solute particles.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Heating the solvent increases the speed of the solvent particles, and they collide with the solute with greater force, knocking particles away from the solute.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The increased motion of the solvent particles acarries away more solute particles, leaving fresh surface areas exposed.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Particles in a heated liquid are spaced farther apart, so there is more space between them for solute particles.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">In general, more solute dissolves in a solvent at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures.</li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/EBfGcTAJF4o?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-20492139589115932702011-05-09T11:57:00.000-07:002011-05-09T12:03:00.941-07:00Unit B-Chapter 2-Lesson 1<strong><u><span style="font-size: large;">How Does Matter Change State?</span></u></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><u>States of Matter</u></strong><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWCxmtrqcebzOOSsHzp8_hHIykgjDBNJQGXgJiUwMNYh-hnMaq9qtPuWPNMMjYjJLuEJcyv0X4pUZ2E9A7d5C9OzJebWZnKYlMM8MaZqbzEiLufxX_8nu6m5sKvwJAUJqq-DLJlR3W-FF/s1600/Learning-Materials--Chart-States-Of-Matter-17-X-22--T-38120_L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWCxmtrqcebzOOSsHzp8_hHIykgjDBNJQGXgJiUwMNYh-hnMaq9qtPuWPNMMjYjJLuEJcyv0X4pUZ2E9A7d5C9OzJebWZnKYlMM8MaZqbzEiLufxX_8nu6m5sKvwJAUJqq-DLJlR3W-FF/s1600/Learning-Materials--Chart-States-Of-Matter-17-X-22--T-38120_L.jpg" /></a></div>Matter exists in three states:<br />
<ul><li><em>Solid </em></li>
<li><em>Liquid</em></li>
<li><em>Gas</em><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWCxmtrqcebzOOSsHzp8_hHIykgjDBNJQGXgJiUwMNYh-hnMaq9qtPuWPNMMjYjJLuEJcyv0X4pUZ2E9A7d5C9OzJebWZnKYlMM8MaZqbzEiLufxX_8nu6m5sKvwJAUJqq-DLJlR3W-FF/s1600/Learning-Materials--Chart-States-Of-Matter-17-X-22--T-38120_L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><em></em></a></li>
</ul>A <span style="background-color: #6fa8dc;">solid </span>has a <u>definite shape</u> and <u>definite volume</u><br />
<em>Example: Ice</em><br />
<br />
A <span style="background-color: cyan;">liquid</span> has a <u>definite volume</u>, but <u><strong>no</strong> definite shape</u><br />
<em>Example: Water</em><br />
<br />
A <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">gas</span> has <u><strong>no</strong> definite shape or volume</u>. It will occupy the volume of whatever container it is in.<br />
<em>Example: Steam</em><br />
<ul><li>In a solid, particles of matter are very close together and are held together by the attraction of the particles for one another.</li>
<li>When a solid, such as ice, is heated, its particles move faster and farther apart. When the substance reaches its melting point, the solid changes to a liquid.</li>
<li>Eventually the particles gain enough energy to escape. When the particles reach this point, the substance becomes a gas.</li>
<li>All three states of matter exist on earth.</li>
</ul><strong><u>Melting and Boiling</u></strong><br />
<ul><li>Although most substances normally exist on Earth in just one state, all materials can exist as solids, liquids, or gases.</li>
</ul><em>Example:</em><br />
On the surface of Venus, which is very hot, lead would be a liquid rather than a solid as it is on Earth.<br />
<ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The state of a substance depends on its temperature and the amount of attraction between its particles.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state is called its melting point. </li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Melting occurs because particles gain heat.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">When the particles in a liquid lose energy, they move more slowly. </li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">If the substance is cool enough, the particles slow down to the point where the liquid becomes a solid.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The temperature at which a <u>liquid changes to a solid</u> is called its <em>freezing point</em>.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">In pure substances, melting and freezing occur at the same temperature.</li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><u>Boiling and Evaporation</u></strong></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">If a liquid is heated enough, all the particles in the liquid eventually will have enough energy to break free at the surface. (The liquid changes to gas)</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The temperature at which this occurs is called the boiling point.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Different substance have different boiling points.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">A substance can change from liquid to a gas through evaporation.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Evaporation</span></strong> is the change in state from a liquid to a gas at the surface of a liquid.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Evaporation can occur at any temperature because some of the particles at the surface always have sufficient energy to escape.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">However, evaporation takes place more quickly in hotter liquids.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">condensation</span></strong>.</li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/HAPc6JH85pM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-9653773103784310282011-04-18T20:05:00.000-07:002011-04-19T07:28:00.091-07:00Unit A-Chapter 4-Lesson 5<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>What Are The Features of Water Biomes?</b></u></span><br />
<br />
<u><b>Saltwater Biomes</b></u><br />
<br />
The <span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;"><b>saltwater biome</b></span> is a water biome that has a high salt content<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYNyaug8H8Wlmde7__3aTlXliS1OzP_yCuRTjICWFpu3C7hRaYn4KOQvHDjSWNB9GiVQDwWg5i0hCQOOoIBHWz0V27p76O3pjMWsLldSrguefvNNMhexbuwuZVqlYxFzPqx-7mVbLd5Q1K/s1600/ocean.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYNyaug8H8Wlmde7__3aTlXliS1OzP_yCuRTjICWFpu3C7hRaYn4KOQvHDjSWNB9GiVQDwWg5i0hCQOOoIBHWz0V27p76O3pjMWsLldSrguefvNNMhexbuwuZVqlYxFzPqx-7mVbLd5Q1K/s400/ocean.jpg" width="400" /></a>The saltwater biome is the largest of all the earth's biome.<br />
<ul><li>it can be divided into three zones:</li>
</ul><ol><li><i>Shallow Ocean Zone</i></li>
<li><i>Ocean Surface Zone</i></li>
<li><i>Deep Ocean Zone</i></li>
</ol><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The <b>shallow ocean zone </b>along the coasts makes up only a small part of the saltwater biome.</li>
<li>Sunlight reaches the sea bottom in this zone, and the water temperature remains relatively constant</li>
<li>Sunlight penetrates the top few hundred meters of the <b>ocean surface zone</b>. Here, photosynthesizing plankton are the primary producers; consumers include tuna, sharks, whales, and ocean birds.</li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;"><b>Plankton </b></span>are microscopic, free floating organisms that serve as food for larger organisms. </li>
<li>The deep ocean zone consists of everything deeper than 100 meters.</li>
<li>Too little sunlight penetrates the cold waters of the deep ocean zone to support photosynthetic organisms.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Most animals in the deep ocean eat other animals or feed on detritus that drifts from the sunlit waters above.</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/B4ESLK781lY?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><u><b>Freshwater Biomes</b></u></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;"><b>Freshwater biomes</b></span> have a low salt content and can be divided into two types:</div><ol><li>those with standing water, such as lakes and ponds</li>
<li>those with flowing water, such as rivers and streams</li>
</ol><ul><li><i>Lakes</i> are usually larger and deeper than ponds and may be deep enough to have a colder, deeper layer that receives little or no sunlight.</li>
<li>Most organisms live in the upper, sunnier part of the lake.</li>
<li>Producers include floating and shallow-water plants.</li>
<li>Consumers include fish, insects, frogs, beavers, and birds.</li>
<li>Decomposers live at the bottom of the lake.</li>
</ul><ul><li><i>Rivers and streams </i>have moving water.</li>
<li>The quick flow of water oxygen to the water, which allows certain organisms such as trout to live there.</li>
<li>Insect larvae, algae, and worms live on rocks in the streams.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLUMSx5MWoVPCphnfSgL2mBTJttr2j22VOG6FDsgXY3qsPcntaNyF3yfoS3qq8SxQFCuKUG2ggZpB3ZyNLCXUSFl__2blA_vz7LLJHQrju9yETMa4ixqD_s6VMvOMkXtzb4hmDkHMlTTw/s1600/Estuary%252520Cycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLUMSx5MWoVPCphnfSgL2mBTJttr2j22VOG6FDsgXY3qsPcntaNyF3yfoS3qq8SxQFCuKUG2ggZpB3ZyNLCXUSFl__2blA_vz7LLJHQrju9yETMa4ixqD_s6VMvOMkXtzb4hmDkHMlTTw/s1600/Estuary%252520Cycle.jpg" /></a></div><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Water plants are able to take root in areas of a stream where water flows more slowly.</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/DIZaj66Pgog?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><b><u>Estuaries</u></b></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">In an <span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;"><b>estuary</b></span> biome, fresh water from the rivers or streams mixes with slat water from the ocean.</li>
<li>Water in an estuary is usually warmer than ocean water and contains less salt.</li>
<li>Salt content changes with tides; During high tides, more ocean water flows in, so the water is saltier than when the tide is out.</li>
</ul><ul><li>Estuaries are important breeding grounds for fish, shellfish, and birds.</li>
<li>Fish and shellfish release their eggs in estuaries because there is plenty of plankton available on which the hatchlings can feed.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLUMSx5MWoVPCphnfSgL2mBTJttr2j22VOG6FDsgXY3qsPcntaNyF3yfoS3qq8SxQFCuKUG2ggZpB3ZyNLCXUSFl__2blA_vz7LLJHQrju9yETMa4ixqD_s6VMvOMkXtzb4hmDkHMlTTw/s1600/Estuary%252520Cycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLUMSx5MWoVPCphnfSgL2mBTJttr2j22VOG6FDsgXY3qsPcntaNyF3yfoS3qq8SxQFCuKUG2ggZpB3ZyNLCXUSFl__2blA_vz7LLJHQrju9yETMa4ixqD_s6VMvOMkXtzb4hmDkHMlTTw/s1600/Estuary%252520Cycle.jpg" /></a></div><li>Migratory birds such as geese and ducks rest and feed in estuaries.</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-9728949474511721142011-04-11T11:03:00.000-07:002011-04-11T11:05:52.941-07:00Unit A-Chapter 4- Lesson 4 Notes<strong><u><span style="font-size: large;">What Are The Features of Land Biomes?</span></u></strong><br />
<br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><u><span style="color: #38761d;">Biomes</span></u></strong></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Biomes</span></strong> are large geographic regions with a particular kind of climate and community.</div><br />
The plant communities that grow in any biome largely determine the types of animal communities that live there.<br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">A particular type of biome may occur in a number of places around the world.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Climate changes with latitude. </div><ul><li>Biomes near the equator have warm, relatively unchanging climates</li>
<li>Biomes at mid-latitudes have marked seasonal changes.</li>
<li>Biomes near the poles have the coldest climates with the shortest summers and longest winters.</li>
</ul>Altitude affects climate; temperatures drop as altitude increases.<br />
<br />
<strong><u><span style="color: #38761d;">Land Biomes</span></u></strong><br />
<br />
<em>Tundra</em><br />
The <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">tundra</span></strong> is the northernmost and coldest biome.<br />
<br />
During summer months only a few centimeters of ground thaw; the ground below remains frozen year-round.<br />
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<strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Permafrost </span></strong>is ground that is permanently frozen.<br />
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Most tundra palnts are small.<br />
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Examples of animals in the tundra include ducks, geese, caribou, and lemmings.<br />
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<em>Taiga</em><br />
The<strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;"> taiga</span></strong> is a forest biome just south of the tundra, characterized by conifers.<br />
<br />
The taiga is also called the coniferous forest biome because it is dominated by coniferous tress such as spruce, pine, and fir.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyjSd4kisR289lxeNbGE51yqMBxry0o5JKC3iG8Pjiy_tSZEaHFhOri9XWZcMUHWadfP1GGWiOrNS5ZwEqmAdDfezJqla5U7ShtmlSJaLu9AarPiOv__0plFwd86KmDB0FjA2Shee7Jn8z/s1600/carabou.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyjSd4kisR289lxeNbGE51yqMBxry0o5JKC3iG8Pjiy_tSZEaHFhOri9XWZcMUHWadfP1GGWiOrNS5ZwEqmAdDfezJqla5U7ShtmlSJaLu9AarPiOv__0plFwd86KmDB0FjA2Shee7Jn8z/s1600/carabou.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDQmHxr58n8k-hGasIHOWDzMdRKKcHTTVmN6TksEXPy0TO7IILewly2vlEXT8czL95Ed5GME1ktL91HAd0WSeHtkfR3vF0RNNrVIHXQNmtwLSQ3DDThf9JjSqanBHifZGDwzw9jVxfh-34/s1600/carabou.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDQmHxr58n8k-hGasIHOWDzMdRKKcHTTVmN6TksEXPy0TO7IILewly2vlEXT8czL95Ed5GME1ktL91HAd0WSeHtkfR3vF0RNNrVIHXQNmtwLSQ3DDThf9JjSqanBHifZGDwzw9jVxfh-34/s1600/carabou.jpg" /></a></div>Examples of animals in the taiga include moose, black bears, and elk.<br />
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<em>Temperate Deciduous Forest</em><br />
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The <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">temperate deciduous forest</span></strong> is a forest biome characterized by trees that lose their leaves each year.<br />
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Examples of trees include maples, beeches, and oaks-that lose their leaves in autumn.<br />
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Temperate deciduous forest have four distinct seasons.<br />
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Examples of animals in the temperate deciduous forest include deer, snakes, birds, and insects.<br />
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<em>Grassland</em><br />
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The <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">grassland</span></strong> is a biome characterized by few trees and many grasses.<br />
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The soil is fertile becuase each year the tops of grasses die and decompose returning nutrients to the soil.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Many cereal grains are produced on the grasslands.<br />
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Examples of animals include coyotes, bison, rabbits, and praire dogs.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<em>Tropical Rain Forest</em><br />
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The <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">tropical rain forests</span></strong> are biomes that have much rainfall and high temperatures all year.<br />
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzaA5G5sNR8Cz4HMlfarxGKxTCTul1n_BRNPYCYk2y3NjjCuwQUVFWDI7qUdWXkbvZi1ibz8f5d_mYEQ0fsm73ow7rd025KtdBRIkuQuZor9CT4AcoBnkf-cGoqNLXcEgtW_xHZn_GfZn/s1600/tropical.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzaA5G5sNR8Cz4HMlfarxGKxTCTul1n_BRNPYCYk2y3NjjCuwQUVFWDI7qUdWXkbvZi1ibz8f5d_mYEQ0fsm73ow7rd025KtdBRIkuQuZor9CT4AcoBnkf-cGoqNLXcEgtW_xHZn_GfZn/s200/tropical.jpg" width="200" /></a>Tropical rain forests are found near the equator. </div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div>More species of organisms live in the rainforests than in any other land biome.<br />
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Fruits, nuts, and spices come from the rainforest-as well as cacao, which is used to make chocolate.<br />
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Examples of tropical rain forest animals include parrots, monkeys, sloths, snakes, frogs, and butterflies.<br />
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<em>Desert</em><br />
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The <strong><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">desert </span></strong>is a biome with little rainfall and usually high daytime temperatures.<br />
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Some deserts may be sandy; others rocky.<br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div>Desert organisms have adaptations, cuch as water storage abilities, that help them survive extremely dry conditions. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkQwpvTS9g3H8BwFf8rv150feidc73JGZ6f9xiVapqO3cHQrRLnGvMoUL7Elx-ZV0h05w5u7LpCc_GlbHDLVPFHU7DsaJepILmFdkgxG0cpGmoHv7i3dntLn3Jnt2EnMVUFL5TXHf9fqx/s1600/scorpion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="164" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkQwpvTS9g3H8BwFf8rv150feidc73JGZ6f9xiVapqO3cHQrRLnGvMoUL7Elx-ZV0h05w5u7LpCc_GlbHDLVPFHU7DsaJepILmFdkgxG0cpGmoHv7i3dntLn3Jnt2EnMVUFL5TXHf9fqx/s200/scorpion.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Scorpion</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Examples of desert animals include roadrunners, scorpions, meerkat, ans ostrich.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-43840847461060931162011-03-24T08:15:00.000-07:002011-03-24T08:21:36.904-07:00Unit A-Chapter 4-Lesson 3 Notes<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>What Happens When an Ecosystem Changes?</b></u></span><br />
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<u><b>Environmental Changes</b></u><br />
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<ul><li>Change is a natural part of the history of any ecosystem.</li>
<li>Changes may be long-term-for example, the result of fires, droughts, and floods- or long-term, as a result of climatic change.</li>
<li>All organisms have a certain range of tolerance for conditions such as:</li>
</ul><ol><ol><ol><li>Environmental temperature</li>
<li>Amount of moisture </li>
<li>Amount of light</li>
</ol></ol></ol><ul><li>Organisms cannot usually survive in conditions that are outside their range of tolerance.</li>
<li>In any ecosystem, populations change as conditions change.</li>
<li>New communities of organisms, which are better adapted to new conditions in that ecosystem, may replace original communities.</li>
</ul><u><b>Competition</b></u><br />
<br />
<ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5U4u10t_ByVV3-89rc98JGSFdUkkoHjhyphenhyphenlHLE501R7EDWJ7KtPjJu1viyCC9dh2pq13Zmwqx6JAKIgcWqmaoZn2CaIad009SxVy81dy03VB4daVZKjp90xLJW4Kr8qqRB3gc47PrvgBO/s1600/snowyowllarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5U4u10t_ByVV3-89rc98JGSFdUkkoHjhyphenhyphenlHLE501R7EDWJ7KtPjJu1viyCC9dh2pq13Zmwqx6JAKIgcWqmaoZn2CaIad009SxVy81dy03VB4daVZKjp90xLJW4Kr8qqRB3gc47PrvgBO/s1600/snowyowllarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5U4u10t_ByVV3-89rc98JGSFdUkkoHjhyphenhyphenlHLE501R7EDWJ7KtPjJu1viyCC9dh2pq13Zmwqx6JAKIgcWqmaoZn2CaIad009SxVy81dy03VB4daVZKjp90xLJW4Kr8qqRB3gc47PrvgBO/s1600/snowyowllarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> </a>
<li> Organisms can live in an ecosystem only as long as it meets their needs for food, water, shelter, and other essentials. </li>
<li>Organisms that live within an ecosystem often compete for similar resources.</li>
<li>This competition occurs among different kinds of organisms, as well as among members of the same species.</li>
<li>Competition helps regulate population size because as competition for resources increases, population size decreases.</li>
<li>When resources are limited, organisms that are well-adapted to the conditions in an ecosystem will be best able to compete for resources and survive.</li>
<li>Some animals solve the problem of limited resources by migrating.</li>
<li>The snowy owl, for example, inhabits the Arctic tundra, but when the population of lemming-their main food source-falls, it may migrate great distances in search for food. </li>
<li>In the winter, snowy owls are sometimes sighted as far south as Illinois.</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEq64qLI2r9C5agM_nTbgG2zquadv9bEgYpHhSBtE0zLWuZ8nZHnx4ENh50B_hCyY3La_3bOmUlzIx64REXo2VOxURcgVQmN2l1lNwntEK7_rCu-AjHsyDKOiMSoLsY3NiSLjHiEJbvUV/s1600/Collared_Lemming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEq64qLI2r9C5agM_nTbgG2zquadv9bEgYpHhSBtE0zLWuZ8nZHnx4ENh50B_hCyY3La_3bOmUlzIx64REXo2VOxURcgVQmN2l1lNwntEK7_rCu-AjHsyDKOiMSoLsY3NiSLjHiEJbvUV/s200/Collared_Lemming.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5U4u10t_ByVV3-89rc98JGSFdUkkoHjhyphenhyphenlHLE501R7EDWJ7KtPjJu1viyCC9dh2pq13Zmwqx6JAKIgcWqmaoZn2CaIad009SxVy81dy03VB4daVZKjp90xLJW4Kr8qqRB3gc47PrvgBO/s1600/snowyowllarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5U4u10t_ByVV3-89rc98JGSFdUkkoHjhyphenhyphenlHLE501R7EDWJ7KtPjJu1viyCC9dh2pq13Zmwqx6JAKIgcWqmaoZn2CaIad009SxVy81dy03VB4daVZKjp90xLJW4Kr8qqRB3gc47PrvgBO/s320/snowyowllarge.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<br />
<u><b>People Affect Ecosystems </b></u><br />
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<ul><li>Ecosystems change naturally, but human activities such as cutting down trees and draining wetlands can speed up the change.</li>
<li>People can also change the ecosystems by introducing new species that out-compete native species.</li>
<li>Conservation of resources and restoration practices can help to reduce and repair ecosystem damage.</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehKraM6OC34H8Ngd98iwyiWrz5h0wqr-_92l4-K3KuS2AwdhhzAhvO0laRQpHokn_XYKpFx0FDzUAdxU52bF-b6pjp88SMBb4ddtwOzBmyCi_zda1Lp7DnYLqz8xdZxSs3-idn9qzo_GX/s1600/recycle-logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehKraM6OC34H8Ngd98iwyiWrz5h0wqr-_92l4-K3KuS2AwdhhzAhvO0laRQpHokn_XYKpFx0FDzUAdxU52bF-b6pjp88SMBb4ddtwOzBmyCi_zda1Lp7DnYLqz8xdZxSs3-idn9qzo_GX/s320/recycle-logo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEq64qLI2r9C5agM_nTbgG2zquadv9bEgYpHhSBtE0zLWuZ8nZHnx4ENh50B_hCyY3La_3bOmUlzIx64REXo2VOxURcgVQmN2l1lNwntEK7_rCu-AjHsyDKOiMSoLsY3NiSLjHiEJbvUV/s1600/Collared_Lemming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-57457687837675920952011-03-16T12:43:00.000-07:002011-03-17T10:58:09.280-07:00Unit A-Chapter 4-Lesson 2<strong><u><span style="font-size: large;">How Are Materials Recycled?</span></u></strong><br />
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<strong><u>Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle</u></strong><br />
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<ul><li>Water is one of the most important materials required by an organism.</li>
</ul><br />
<em>Photosynthesis</em>, green plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.<br />
<ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvjkARG3o4eeYGfwCVQx3X9iKIKCpwwRzCrWJkFLc80vw9ZqCpYpSddSYaRUAferAGMmLOWpc9A2F8f5KIjWfvvDZnlaku1ODHILBd2OXnmUs2SkJzgYAhGn3I4p49FXqeBCscL_Jnk9b1/s1600/photosynthesis.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvjkARG3o4eeYGfwCVQx3X9iKIKCpwwRzCrWJkFLc80vw9ZqCpYpSddSYaRUAferAGMmLOWpc9A2F8f5KIjWfvvDZnlaku1ODHILBd2OXnmUs2SkJzgYAhGn3I4p49FXqeBCscL_Jnk9b1/s320/photosynthesis.gif" width="256" /></a></div><li><strong>Photosynthesis = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy ->Sugar + Oxygen</strong></li>
</ul><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Respiration</span></strong><em> </em>is an energy-producing process in which a cell combines oxygen with sugars and gives off carbon dioxide and water.<br />
<ul><li><strong>Respiration = Sugar + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy</strong></li>
</ul><br />
<ul><li>Plants carry out both photosynthesis <em>and</em> respiration.</li>
</ul><strong><u>The Nitrogen Cycle</u></strong><br />
<ul><li>All living things need nitrogen to make proteins. </li>
<li>Although 80% of the air consists of nitrogen gas, few living things can use nitrogen in this form.</li>
<li>Nitrogen gas must first be changed into one of a variety of nitrogen compounds and cycled through the environment.</li>
</ul>Nitrogen gas can be converted into forms usable by living things in two ways:<br />
<ol><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that grow in the root nodules of legume plants such as peas, soybeans, and clover combine nitrogen in the air with hydrogen to form nitrogen compounds that plants can use to make proteins.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Lightning can cause nitrogen gas to combine with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen compounds that return to the earth in rain or snow.</li>
</ol><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">When the compounds of protein are broken down during decomposition, nitrogen is returned to the air as nitrogen gas.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
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</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYDslNBRZlzI-I7zutni9Ru05P0xOZ6UTGXBMYzFSpOzWrLJQbQ2Xy-stQwMKS6uiDOUB-5Car1rsK7G_NnOZNCfQ_ErBIdgv_3bsGmu1fwUl7a4mR2lWwr5sjxHg35ql3EGn9ZifDVRf-/s1600/NitrogenCycle-lgr-F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="345" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYDslNBRZlzI-I7zutni9Ru05P0xOZ6UTGXBMYzFSpOzWrLJQbQ2Xy-stQwMKS6uiDOUB-5Car1rsK7G_NnOZNCfQ_ErBIdgv_3bsGmu1fwUl7a4mR2lWwr5sjxHg35ql3EGn9ZifDVRf-/s400/NitrogenCycle-lgr-F.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><strong><u>Pollution Affects the Cycles</u></strong></div></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><ul><li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Human activities can disturb the natural recycling of oxygen and carbon dioxide. </li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">The burning fossil fuels, for example, results in increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air.</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Excess carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases absorb infrared radiation coming from the earth's surface and trap this heat in the atmosphere, which could result in an eventual overall increase in the earth's average temperature.</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-22378735800607106822011-03-09T19:04:00.000-08:002011-03-09T19:04:44.982-08:00Unit A-Chapter 4-Lesson 1 Notes<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>How Do Organisms Interact?</b></u></span><br />
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<u><b>Interactions Within Ecosystems</b></u><br />
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<i>All <b>living </b>and <b>nonliving</b> parts of an ecosystem interact</i>.<br />
<br />
Some interactions are direct, such as when a person picks a peach from a peach tree and eats it.<br />
Other interactions are indirect. A honeybee and a person may have no direct interactions, but the honey bee might have pollinated the peach flower and so played a role in the production of the peach.<br />
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To survive in a particular ecosystem, organisms must be adapted to the environmental conditions of that ecosystem.<br />
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A healthy ecosystem is one which the living and nonliving parts are balanced.<br />
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<b><u>Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers</u></b><br />
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Green plants are producers; using energy from the sunlight to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. <br />
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Organisms that cannot make their own food are called consumers. Consumers may be <i>herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores.</i><br />
<br />
A<span style="font-size: large;"><b> herbivore</b></span> is a consumer that eats only plants or other producers.<br />
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A <span style="font-size: large;"><b>carnivore </b></span>is a consumer that eats only animals<br />
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An<span style="font-size: large;"><b> omnivore </b></span>is a consumer that eats both producers and consumers.<br />
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A <span style="font-size: large;"><b>decomposer</b></span> is an organism that obtains energy by consuming dead organisms and the wastes of living organisms.<br />
<br />
In general, plants are producers, and animals are consumers.<br />
<br />
However, one special producer is not a plant; its a type of bacteria that grows on the ocean floor.<br />
This type of bacteria depend on sulfur-containing bacteria(sulfides) from deep ocean vents to release energy and make food.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Food Webs</b></u><br />
<br />
Food chains describe how energy moves in an ecosystem from one organism to another. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYus5YWM2XY-C6cLjBmfVfavnI_9okINHx688FmMjDBj0ru38bJScHuoGT-_85bXEheIR029m88DOavJGVb9foKTDiWwdD_s1aJpXetEZQnNw5k3uWmJNRHRd1YxTr4vY9luqoIhw_GPac/s1600/food_chain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYus5YWM2XY-C6cLjBmfVfavnI_9okINHx688FmMjDBj0ru38bJScHuoGT-_85bXEheIR029m88DOavJGVb9foKTDiWwdD_s1aJpXetEZQnNw5k3uWmJNRHRd1YxTr4vY9luqoIhw_GPac/s400/food_chain.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Green plants (producers) are the bottom link in a food chain. Consumers make up the next links, followed by decomposers.<br />
<br />
Different food chains combined form a food web.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdgchZLUyKA9nuMEi_ir4Ooehk_F15JriPVuha5IcJPQi5V07BflQzORLHcp-ISfJTz6PnhcNopwz1G4PsKNS7baete7mTW8B4FFt_P25EVyijyinwOQmRCOBU1dlS5Fc1rIuF6Ha3AZDM/s1600/foodweb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdgchZLUyKA9nuMEi_ir4Ooehk_F15JriPVuha5IcJPQi5V07BflQzORLHcp-ISfJTz6PnhcNopwz1G4PsKNS7baete7mTW8B4FFt_P25EVyijyinwOQmRCOBU1dlS5Fc1rIuF6Ha3AZDM/s320/foodweb.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<u><b>Energy Pyramids</b></u><br />
<br />
An <span style="font-size: large;"><b>energy pyramid</b></span> is a model that shows how energy is used in a food chain or an ecosystem.<br />
<br />
The amount of energy available to a certain group of organisms depends on which level of the energy pyramid it is on. <br />
<br />
Less energy is available at any level in the pyramid than in the level below. The top of the pyramid has the least amount of energy.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_qDDnABmJpnBAqmwuewn6C-v6QwqvsZA8KDuyozpLd4_tPHt9tCGGk2YEyyMB8H2nLo15rpNt9zk3jONQiu6RslxmK9cRRaE8A-y_CJhFewRadAQz7aYE1uHUFJIQC8do76kbvE7lUKK/s1600/EnergyPyramid.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_qDDnABmJpnBAqmwuewn6C-v6QwqvsZA8KDuyozpLd4_tPHt9tCGGk2YEyyMB8H2nLo15rpNt9zk3jONQiu6RslxmK9cRRaE8A-y_CJhFewRadAQz7aYE1uHUFJIQC8do76kbvE7lUKK/s320/EnergyPyramid.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdgchZLUyKA9nuMEi_ir4Ooehk_F15JriPVuha5IcJPQi5V07BflQzORLHcp-ISfJTz6PnhcNopwz1G4PsKNS7baete7mTW8B4FFt_P25EVyijyinwOQmRCOBU1dlS5Fc1rIuF6Ha3AZDM/s1600/foodweb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-82302698261585892011-01-17T18:58:00.000-08:002011-01-17T18:58:03.598-08:00Chapter 3-Lesson 5 Notes<u><b><span style="font-size: large;">How Can Behavior Help an Organism Survive?</span></b></u><br />
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<u><b>Behavioral Adaptations</b></u><br />
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The way in which an organism acts in response to stimulus is called a <i>behavior</i>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhAbAOwzs_pq1c9JsI5gs_UiYhaxILKWGRcUKtsqC9KOu_sGsXUEUr-da2Tqn717M2oYwYcC5VrgB1LZrqQmyw4xRnzVQoHIfpFnP-oaT8jSJ2mOBonWTlcrS5HDp3vnAiL_1w-EqzlbZi/s1600/bee-hive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhAbAOwzs_pq1c9JsI5gs_UiYhaxILKWGRcUKtsqC9KOu_sGsXUEUr-da2Tqn717M2oYwYcC5VrgB1LZrqQmyw4xRnzVQoHIfpFnP-oaT8jSJ2mOBonWTlcrS5HDp3vnAiL_1w-EqzlbZi/s320/bee-hive.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>A <span style="font-size: large;">behavioral adaptation</span> is an action that aids survival.<br />
Examples:<br />
<ul><li>Escaping danger</li>
<li>Building protective shelters</li>
<li>Gathering or capturing food</li>
<li>Finding a mate</li>
<li>Reproducing</li>
<li>Caring for young</li>
</ul><u><b>Inherited Behavior</b></u><br />
<br />
Any behavior that an organism is born with, and does not have to learn, is an<i> inherited behavior</i>.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYkXMh6nHj1mnBuCaaDsmBMkr4jDh_36DcqqIMswGc9hc7QZWKy1fCJmPEzFMLVYwSUs8-iTWz798buNaAD23FPoHuoXG9RmlSE3CEJfFU9Jj3ymkzSB5umtgA2Ohk3qcuqF45FFnMst6o/s1600/eye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYkXMh6nHj1mnBuCaaDsmBMkr4jDh_36DcqqIMswGc9hc7QZWKy1fCJmPEzFMLVYwSUs8-iTWz798buNaAD23FPoHuoXG9RmlSE3CEJfFU9Jj3ymkzSB5umtgA2Ohk3qcuqF45FFnMst6o/s320/eye.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reflex</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
An<i> </i><span style="font-size: large;">instinct</span><i> </i>is a type of inherited behavior that helps an organism act in a way that aids in its survival.<br />
<br />
A <span style="font-size: large;">reflex</span> is the simplest type of inherited behavior. It is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Learned Behavior</b></u><br />
<br />
Learned behavior is a reaction to stimulus that an organism is not born with. The organism must learn or be trained to carry out a learned behavior.<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<ul><li>A jaguar cub learning to hunt</li>
<li>A dog that has learned to obey commands</li>
<li>A Seeing Eye dog that is trained to guide the blind</li>
</ul> Ducklings hatched in an incubator mistakenly follow a human around since they instinctively follow the first moving object they see. Under normal conditions, imprinting guarantees that ducklings will follow their mother and subsequently learn necessary survival skills.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-40929181449912665322011-01-07T06:15:00.000-08:002011-01-07T06:15:51.396-08:00Chapter 3-Lesson 4 Notes<strong><u><span style="font-size: large;">How Do Organisms Respond to the Environment?</span></u></strong><br />
<br />
<u><strong>Stimulus and Response</strong></u><br />
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A <strong><span style="font-size: large;">stimulus </span></strong>is a change in the environment of an organism that causes a response<br />
<br />
A <span style="font-size: large;"><strong>response </strong></span>is a reaction of an organism to a change in the environment<br />
<br />
All organisms have stimulus and response reactions.<br />
<br />
The ability of an organism to respond to a stimulus is a basic life process.<br />
<br />
An example of <em>stimulus/response</em> is when you are playing catch:<br />
<strong>Stimulus</strong>: The ball is thrown towards you<br />
<strong>Response</strong>: You put your hands up to catch, or deflect, the ball<br />
<br />
Plants respond to stimuli by growing towards the light source.<br />
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<strong><u>Gathering Information About the Environment</u></strong><br />
<br />
An organism must be able to gather information about its environment before it can respond to any changes.<br />
<br />
Organisms such as sharks, bats, snakes, flies, moths, and squid all have unique sensory organs that enable them to detect information such as nearby sources of food, a possible mate, or danger.<br />
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<strong><u>Physiological Adaptations</u></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Physiological Adaptations</span></strong> are adaptations that involves a body part's job of controlling a life process.<br />
<br />
Physiological adaptations enable an organism's body parts to do a job in response to a stimulus.<br />
<br />
A person's ability to sweat to cool off is an example of physiological adaptation.<br />
<br />
Plants have physiological adaptations that enable them to respond to daylight and darkness.<br />
<br />
Shivering<em> </em>is a physiological adaptation in response to cold that helps increase body temperature through muscle contractions.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-3201438178808355882010-12-16T08:25:00.000-08:002010-12-17T09:58:31.718-08:00Chapter 3-Lesson 3 Notes<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">How Do New Species Evolve?</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<b><u>Charles Darwin</u></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvjwGOF5Ozte3cgMJA4Q2-rzRyC8aEBfDgCi4DnSimXZzXGOu7wkg9ZVh0LwT9dRiuKfuH80vuKhMaH_LiD_Vp4GAAoKpJZFeu3dZR2yDaBYiBu33z5KSgHnngugd6vuattqFbOqL77tzj/s1600/Charles_Darwin_Biography.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvjwGOF5Ozte3cgMJA4Q2-rzRyC8aEBfDgCi4DnSimXZzXGOu7wkg9ZVh0LwT9dRiuKfuH80vuKhMaH_LiD_Vp4GAAoKpJZFeu3dZR2yDaBYiBu33z5KSgHnngugd6vuattqFbOqL77tzj/s200/Charles_Darwin_Biography.gif" width="151" /></a></div><ul><li>Charles Darwin observed many unusual species of animals during a trip in 1835 through the Galapagos Islands.</li>
<li>Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836</li>
<li>Darwin noticed that similar species on different islands had adaptations that enabled them to survive in their different environments.</li>
</ul><br />
<i>Example:</i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVzcZEul_ObxLpV_l3lOYUpIgoT69J1OF7yBuaOPQhbJvkUo5YUqzVy9jBt9JpEhPf_p4cnVkmqzmmRHqV9F6TyOqwT4zvTB6QWcIoBrVGZgmjGHth6jj0i89ZuRKn2Uo2esrqZ_wq37Bp/s1600/oz_revisited.1129827600.tortoise.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVzcZEul_ObxLpV_l3lOYUpIgoT69J1OF7yBuaOPQhbJvkUo5YUqzVy9jBt9JpEhPf_p4cnVkmqzmmRHqV9F6TyOqwT4zvTB6QWcIoBrVGZgmjGHth6jj0i89ZuRKn2Uo2esrqZ_wq37Bp/s200/oz_revisited.1129827600.tortoise.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><li>Tortoises on different islands had shells of different shapes. Their legs and necks of different lengths enabled them to find food or survive the environmental conditions on the various islands.</li>
</ul><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-P33fVJr3FZMUyU1XUfh50MA104nkIDJMi4JORNiv8PDaT9d6Wc42KTHehvqASl4rZkJDYabiwHYFg6wh6uAq1ACoiRdf7qFLtpqMcFf3CMz64eFwQuG3psv5JWKGY7hVLYWTE5ZOW33/s1600/finches.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-P33fVJr3FZMUyU1XUfh50MA104nkIDJMi4JORNiv8PDaT9d6Wc42KTHehvqASl4rZkJDYabiwHYFg6wh6uAq1ACoiRdf7qFLtpqMcFf3CMz64eFwQuG3psv5JWKGY7hVLYWTE5ZOW33/s200/finches.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><li>Darwin also observed 13 different species of finches in the Galapogos Islands.</li>
<li>He noticed that the beaks of the finches on each island matched the available food.</li>
<li>Through his research and observations, Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection.</li>
</ul><b><span style="font-size: large;">Natural Selection</span></b> is the idea that those organisms best adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive. (Survival of the fittest!)<br />
<br />
The main points of Darwin's theory are:<br />
<ol><li>Organisms usually produce more offspring than can survive.</li>
<li>Competition exists among organisms. Those organisms that survive the competition are the only ones to reporduce and pass on their traits to offspring.</li>
<li>Organisms best adapted to their environments are the ones most likely to survivie long enough to reproduce.</li>
<li>Parent organisms pass traits on to their offspring. Offspring usually look like their parents, but variations may occur.</li>
</ol><b><u>Adaptations Over Time</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul><li>Certain traits may help an organism survive in its environment better than organisms that lack those traits.</li>
<li>Long front teeth, claws, and sensative hairs are physical traits (structural adaptations) that help mole rats survive in their environment.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYZYLGSGpbSoDTo9CEzLUfy62gHMrJaAyr1GOCZKxrsIAvOQb641rSNhj3VyjXBQhBEBL1PKIkuS6ebVDd_v7QQ1Du7ZA7Wi2aCKAs46wlu5Z1WuVMkKttMIZlmz9JJO6c6DlJTIqwjFO/s1600/Portrait-of-big-headed-mole-rat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" n4="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYZYLGSGpbSoDTo9CEzLUfy62gHMrJaAyr1GOCZKxrsIAvOQb641rSNhj3VyjXBQhBEBL1PKIkuS6ebVDd_v7QQ1Du7ZA7Wi2aCKAs46wlu5Z1WuVMkKttMIZlmz9JJO6c6DlJTIqwjFO/s320/Portrait-of-big-headed-mole-rat.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><li>A <b><span style="font-size: large;">structural adaptation</span></b> is an adaptation that involves body parts or color.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYZYLGSGpbSoDTo9CEzLUfy62gHMrJaAyr1GOCZKxrsIAvOQb641rSNhj3VyjXBQhBEBL1PKIkuS6ebVDd_v7QQ1Du7ZA7Wi2aCKAs46wlu5Z1WuVMkKttMIZlmz9JJO6c6DlJTIqwjFO/s1600/Portrait-of-big-headed-mole-rat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><li>Structural adaptations can take thousands or millions of years to evolve or they can evolve quickly.</li>
</ul><b><u>New Species over Time</u></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Populations</span></b> are all the organisms of one species that live in a certain place.<br />
<ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYZYLGSGpbSoDTo9CEzLUfy62gHMrJaAyr1GOCZKxrsIAvOQb641rSNhj3VyjXBQhBEBL1PKIkuS6ebVDd_v7QQ1Du7ZA7Wi2aCKAs46wlu5Z1WuVMkKttMIZlmz9JJO6c6DlJTIqwjFO/s1600/Portrait-of-big-headed-mole-rat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><li>A population can become isolated when a barrier, such as a widened river, seperates some members of a population from others.</li>
<li>Isolation can also occur when groups of animals migrate and become permanently seperated.</li>
<li>When a population becomes isolated, each population adapts to its environment through natural selection.</li>
<li>Successful traits are passed on to future generations.</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-20381647686962664272010-12-08T17:40:00.000-08:002010-12-08T17:40:40.196-08:00Chapter 3-Lesson 2 Notes<u><b><span style="font-size: large;">How Do We Know Species Change Over Time?</span></b></u><br />
<br />
<u><i>Fossils-Clues to the Past </i></u><br />
<br />
<ul><li>Fossils are the remains of organisms that once lived. They provide a record of the past life on earth.</li>
</ul><ul><li>Fossils can be the preserved remains or an imprint of a once-living organism. </li>
</ul><ul><li>Scientists use the fossil record together with what they know about present-day life on earth to draw conclusions, or "fill in the gaps"</li>
</ul><ul><li>Scientists usually find only fossilized parts of an organism because the soft parts usually decay before the organism becomes fossilized .</li>
</ul><u><i>Change Over Time</i></u><br />
<br />
<ul><li> Mutations,which are changes in an organisms DNA, may pass on helpful traits or some other adaptive advantage to an organism, which can be passed on to future generations.</li>
</ul><ul><li>Over a long period of time, mutations can lead to a genetic change within a species.</li>
</ul><ul><li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Evolution</span></b> is a process that results in changes in the genetic makeup of a species over very long periods.</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7460490070152165660.post-48840918787301620062010-12-04T13:04:00.001-08:002010-12-06T07:26:18.780-08:00Unit A-Chapter 3-Lesson 1 Notes<strong><u><span style="font-size: large;">What Are Adaptations?</span></u></strong><br />
<br />
<em><u>Life Processes</u></em><br />
<br />
1.) All living things carry out 6 life processes:<br />
<ul><li>Taking in energy</li>
<li>Releasing energy in food</li>
<li>Using Energy for body processes</li>
<li>Producing and excreting wastes</li>
<li>Responding to change in the environment</li>
<li>Reproducing</li>
</ul>2.) All organisms need energy to carry on life processes.<br />
<br />
3.) Plants get their energy from the sun.<br />
<br />
4.) Animals get their energy by eating other organisms<br />
<br />
<em><u>Adaptations</u></em><br />
<br />
1.) A trait is a characteristic of an organism<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adaptations</span></strong> are <u>inherited traits</u> that help a species survive in its environment.<br />
<br />
2.) Species do not adapt quickly. Adaptations take a long time to develop. Generation after generation reproduces before a trait becomes an adaptation of an entire species.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5